Important Points SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) During the Inspection of RCC NP4 Pipes

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Image
Important Points SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) During the Inspection of RCC NP4 Pipes: -    Image-Hydro Test (Photo Credit: Ritesh Raj) (1.) Firstly, approved QAP will be checked.  (2.) ID marks should be marked on the inner and outer sides of pipes.  Image-ID Mark (Photo Credit: Ritesh Raj)  (3.) To check the inner and outer diameter of pipes.   (4.) Smooth finishing and before dispatch of RCC pipes cement slurry or grouting where required.   (5.) Load test is required for RCC pipes as per IS codes. It is different for each dia, of RCC pipes.  Image-Plate Load Test (Photo Credit: Ritesh Raj)   (6.) Concrete mix design checked and in which cement content, cement brand, and water-cement ratio should be checked.  (7.) The straightness test to be checked of RCC pipes through the straightness rods to collinear visible.   (8.) As per requirement 2% of hydro tests are to be checked as IS:458 of the total...
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"Description of Timber"

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The technical name of wood is known as “timber”. It is used as a construction material like as for the construction of battens, posts, beams, planks and rafter. Timber has required minimum size for use.  After finishing it is used for the construction purpose and also used for industry. Timber is also known as “Lumber”.

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We can easily see the historical places, old bridges, timber cooling towers (which is used in power plants and other plants) and old very ancient temples are made from wooden part and timber is play an important role for built these structure.



Classification of Timber:-

     (1.)  Exogeneous Timber- (Outward Growth)-Example-Conifer, Pine, Fir, Teak etc.

     (2.)  Indogeneous Timber-(Inward Growth)-Example-Bamboo, Cane, Palm etc.


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Recent Post:Modern Indian Construction

Categories of Timber:-

    (1.)  Deodar

    (2.)  Sisham

    (3.)  Teak

    (4.)  Sagwan

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    (5.)  Sakhua

    (6.)  Mango

    (7.)  Jack

    (8.)  Bamboo

    (9.)  Laminated Timber

    (10.) Mahogany

    (11.) Sandle Wood 

    (12.) Cherry

    (13.) Pine wood

    (14.) Tulip wood


    Also Read:Description of Plywood
     
Advantage of Timber:-

(1.)  It is used for window, door, roof , floor making because it can easily converted into required shape and size.

(2.)  It is used as a columns, beams, bracing because it has a good strength and also good better bearing capacity.

(3.)  It is used for shoring, shuttering and scaffolding material.


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Properties of Good Timber:-

(1.)  It has uniform colour.

(2.)  Its grain will very close.

(3.)  It will hard and more durable.

(4.)  It has higher fire resistance.


(5.)  It will free from defects like as cracks, knots, shakes etc.

(6.)  Its density will high.

(7.)  Its corner will even.

(8.)  When it will cut, have a uniform colour shown.

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Also Read:Sewer Network Analysis

Seasoning of Timber:-

The process in which reduce the moisture in freshly cut tree from different procedure is known as seasoning of timber.

Benefits of Seasoning:-

(1.)  After seasoning of timber it will ready for paint application.

(2.)  After seasoning durability of timber is increases and timer is more protecting from fungi, insects and worms.

(3.)  After seasoning it is suitable for gluing.

(4.)  If it is used for fuel, it will burn easily.

(5.)  Decrease the weight

(6.)  Make it more workable.

(7.)  Receive more strength and hardness

(8.)  Reduce cracking and warping



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Method of Seasoning:-

Mainly two method of seasoning is followed:-

(1.) Natural Seasoning-------- 

                                 (a.)Air Seasoning

 (b.) Water Seasoning

(2.) Artificial Seasoning------ 
      
                               (a.)Boiling

(b.)Kiln Seasoning

(c.)Chemical Seasoning

                                  (d.)Electrical Seasoning

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Also Read:Description of formwork

Advantage of natural Seasoning:-

(1.)  In this process reduce the moisture of timber from naturally.

(2.)  It requires very low cost.

(3.)  It does not require skilled labour.

Disadvantage of natural seasoning:-

     (1.)  Its progress is very slow. So, take more time.

     (2.)  Lager space is required for this seasoning.

     (3.)  Moisture will not too reduce as required.

     (4.)  Insects and fungi attack is occur always.

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Advantage of Artificial Seasoning:-

     (1.)  Moisture content will reach up to required level.

     (2.)  It is economical, because its drying process is very fast.

     (3.)  More suitable for painting.

     (4.)  Fungi and insects attack is less.
     
      (5.)Shrinkage, cracks and warping is minimum
    
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      Disadvantage of Artificial Seasoning:-
    
     (1.)  Skilled supervision is required for artificial seasoning.

     (2.)  For this seasoning, high investment or involvement is required.
     
     (3.)  Its demand is low.

     
     Also Read:Description of Aggregate

     Wooden Batten:-

     At construction site, during shuttering of beams,slabs , walls and other portion of structure wooden batten is required.The size of wooden timber, which is mostly used at construction site:-

     (1.)  2’’ x 3’’ x 8’

     (2.)  3’’ x 4’’ x 8’

     (3.)  2’’ x 3’’ x 10’

         Method of Sawing of Timber:-


     (a.)Tangential Sawing
    
     (b.) Radial Sawing

     (d.)Ordinary Sawing

     (e.) Quarter Sawing

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       Benefits of Seasoning:-

As per condition of the log, the required size of the wooden specimen with minimum wastage will converted to timber. The benefits of seasoning is the advantage of seasoning, which is mentioned above.


Defects in timber:-

    (1.)  Attack by fungi

    (2.)  Attack by insects

    (3.)  Natural forces

    (4.)  Erroneous seasoning

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      Also Read:Description of Brick

    Defects due to natural forces:-

(1.) Shakes

(2.) Upsets

(3.) Knots
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(4.) Rind galls

(5.) Burls

(6.) Stain

(7.) Wind Cracks

(8.) Dead Wood

(9.) Twisted Fiber




Preservation of Timber:-

Preservation is required for timber for the protection from fungi, insects etc. The benefits of preservation are following:-

    (1.)  After preservation timber will durable.

   (2.)  After preservation timber will good looking.

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Note:-

    (1.)  Timber of teak is not required for preservation.

    (2.)  Medular rings are a thin circular ring from pith towards the bark. 

    (3.)  Bark is an outermost protection of cells.

    (4.)  Cambium layer is an outermost ring between bark and sapwood.

    (5.)  Heart wood is an innermost ring that’s surrounding the pith.

   (6.)  The ring of wooden fiber concentric circle around the pith is known as annular rings. Because annual ring is made in only one in a one year.

    (7.)  Sap wood is outer annual rings of the tree that transmit the sap from route to branch.

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Also Read:Description of Lime

 Timber related IS Codes:-

     (1.)  IS 3670-(Construction of timber floors)

     (2.)  IS  401-(Preservation of timber)

     (3.)  IS 620-(Wooden tools for general requirements)

     (4.)  IS 1141-(For seasoning of timber)

     (5.)  IS 4423-(Hans sawing timber)

     (6.)  IS 9576-(Guide for mill sawing of timber)

     (7.)  SP 33-(Handbook for timber engineering)

   
 Thanks for visiting this site.

Written By- 
Ritesh Raj

Email Id-rajritesh.motiharirr@gmail.com




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